The Theodorovsk (Feodorovsk) Kostroma Icon of the Mother of God
Commemorated on August 16, March 14
The Theodorov
(Feodorov) - Kostroma Icon of the Mother of God was written by the
Evangelist Luke and is close in iconography to the Vladmir Icon of the Mother
of God.
This icon received
its name from GreatPrince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (+ 1246), the father of Saint
Alexander Nevsky, and who received in holy Baptism the name Theodore (Feodor)
– in honour of Saint Theodore Stratelates. It was found, according to
tradition, by his elder brother, Saint Yurii Vsevolodovich (+ 1238, Comm. 4
February), in an old wooden chaplet near the old city of Gorodets – later on
at this spot was built the Gorodetsk Theodorov monastery. Prince
Yaroslav-Theodore became the GreatPrince of Vladimir after his brother Saint
Yurii perished in battle with the Tatar-Mongols at the Sita River, and
subsequently in the year 1239, he solemnly transferred the relics of his
brother from Rostov to the Vladimir Uspenie (Dormition) cathedral. And with
this same icon inherited from his brother, he blessed his own son, Saint
Alexander Nevsky, who that very year entered into marriage with the daughter of
the Polovetsian prince Briacheslav.
Yaroslav-Theodore
left behind in Russian history a remarkable memory of himself. He continued
with the glorious traditions of his uncle – Saint Andrei Bogoliubsky (Comm. 4
July), and of his father – Vsevolod III Big-Nest ("Bol'shoe
Gnezdo"), and he was thus connected to almost all of the significant
events in the history of Rus' in the first half of the XIII Century. He
inherited the legacy of Rus', burnt and hacked apart in the years 1237-1238 by
the Tatar-Mongols. He raised it up from the ashes, rebuilt and embellished the
cities, the holy monasteries and the churches. He restored cities along the
Volga devastated by the enemy: Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl', Kostroma, Gorodets.
The church of Theodore Stratelates at Kostroma and the Theodorov monastery near
Gorodets were founded by him in honour of his patron saint. For all of eight
years he stood at the helm as greatprince, but during this while he had to
guide the land through a singularly difficult path for these times –
maintaining a military-political balance with the Golden Horde to the East,
while mounting an active opposition to Catholic Europe in the West. His closest
companion was his son, Saint Alexander Nevsky, who also continued his governing
policy.
The wonderworking
Theodorov Icon of the Mother of God – with the blessing of his father – was
constantly with Saint Alexander, and it was his prayer-icon. After his death
(Saint Alexander Nevsky died on 14 November 1263 in Gorodets, at the monastery
founded by his father), the icon was taken by his younger brother Vasilii.
Vasilii Yaroslavich
was the "little-est", that is, he was the youngest (eighth) son of
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In 1246 after the death of his father, (prince Yaroslav
was poisoned in the capital city of Mongolia – Karakorum), when he was but
five years old, he became prince of the Kostroma appanage-holding – the least
important in the domains of his father. But in the year 1272 God destined for
him to become GreatPrince of Vladimir. His four years as greatprince
(1272-1276) were filled with the typical for these times princely fratricidal
quarrels. For several years he waged war against Novgorod with an unruly nephew
Dimitrii Alexandrovich. In becoming greatprince, however, Vasilii did not
journey off to Vladimir, but remained under the protection of the wonderworking
icon at Kostroma, regarding this place more hopeful in case of new outbreaks of
strife.
He had occasion also
to defend Rus' against external enemies. In 1272, during the course of a Tatar
incursion, a Russian army came forth from Kostroma to engage them. On the
example of his grandfather, Saint Andrei Bogoliubsky – who took with him on
military campaigns the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, –
prince Vasilii went off into battle with the wonderworking Theodorov Icon.
Bright rays shot out from the holy image, striking the enemy; the Tatars were
routed and expelled from the Russian land.
The chronicles
relate, the GreatPrince Vasilii had an especial love for the Church and the
clergy. After the martyr's death of the Vladimir bishop Mitrophan during the
storming of Vladimir by Tatars on 4 February 1238, the Vladimir diocese had for
a long period of years remained as though widowed. This grieved GreatPrince
Vasilii. With his help in 1274 there was constructed in Vladimir the large
Cathedral church. This was apparently in connection with the consecration as
bishop of Vladimir of Sainted Serapion (+ 1275, Comm. 12 July) – who was an
hegumen from Pechersk; this was presided over by Metropolitan Kirill III (+
1282) and a sobor-council of Russian hierarchs. The purpose of the council's
actions was quite extensive – this was the first Sobor in the Russian Church
since the time of the Mongol invasion. Many a problem and disorder had arisen
in church life, but the Russian Church was just barely beginning to recover
from the woe that had befallen it. A chief task for it was the rebirth of
Russian churchly literacy, and the restoration of the tradition of the ancient
Russian "princely order". Without books the salvific activity of the
Church would be well nigh impossible: they were needed for the Divine-services,
and for preaching, for cell meditation by monks, and for at-home reading by
believers. With the efforts of Metropolitan Kirill together with the Russian
bishops and monk-scholars, this task, – the most important for the subsequent
Christian enlightenment of Rus', was successfully undertaken. The Sobor adopted
a new redaction of the essential books – the fundamental canonical codex of
Orthodox churchly life.
In the year 1276
prince Vasilii finished his life's journey, the most important steps along the
way of which were beneathe the overshadowing blessing of the Theodorov Icon of
the Mother of God. He died at Kostroma and there also found the place of his
final rest. The holy icon has been from that time in the Kostroma cathedral of
Saint Theodore Stratelates.
Renewed interest in
the Theodorov Icon of the Mother of God and the wide spreading about of its
veneration throughout all Russia is connected with events of the beginning of
the XVII Century – with the cessation of the Time of Troubles. In the year
1613 the wonderworking Theodorov Icon from the Kostroma cathedral was used in
blessing the selection of Mikhail Romanov as the new tsar. In memory of this
historic event there was established under 14 March the general commemoration
of the Theodorovsk Icon of the Mother of God. Numerous copies were made from
the Kostroma Theodorovsk Icon, and one of the first was commissioned and
brought to Moscow by the mother of tsar Mikhail – the nun Martha. From the
second half of the XVII Century, various copies of the Theodorov Icon received
an enlargement with vignettes, depicting events from the history of the
wonderworking icon.
In the year 1670 the
monk-deacon Longin from the Kostroma Ipat'ev monastery wrote the
"Narrative concerning the manifestations and miracles of the Theodorov
Icon of the Mother of God in Kostroma". Not all the things contained in
its information co-incides with things previously stated, reflecting the
people's memory as regarding chronology and laws.
The Theodorov Icon is
two-sided. On the reverse side – is the image of the holy GreatMartyress
Paraskeva, depicted in the splendid attire of a princess. It is conjectured,
that the image of Paraskeva on the reverse of the icon is connected with the
spouse of Saint Alexander Nevsky.
© 1996-2001 by translator Fr. S. Janos.
